Fundamentals Of Gas Dynamic

Contens
1 REVIEW OF ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLES 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Units and Notation 1
1.3 Some Mathematical Concepts 7
1.4 Thermodynamic Concepts for Control Mass Analysis 10
Review Questions 18
Review Problems 20

2 CONTROLVOLUME ANALYSIS—PART I 23
2.1 Introduction 23
2.2 Objectives 23
2.3 Flow Dimensionality and Average Velocity 24
2.4 Transformation of a Material Derivative to a Control
Volume Approach 27
2.5 Conservation of Mass 32
2.6 Conservation of Energy 35
2.7 Summary 44
Problems 46

Check Test 48
3 CONTROLVOLUME ANALYSIS—PART II 51
3.1 Introduction 51
3.2 Objectives 51
3.3 Comments on Entropy 52
3.4 Pressure–Energy Equation 54
3.5 The Stagnation Concept 55
3.6 Stagnation Pressure–Energy Equation 59
3.7 Consequences of Constant Density 61
3.8 Momentum Equation 66
3.9 Summary 75
Problems 77

Check Test 81
4 INTRODUCTIONTO COMPRESSIBLE FLOW 83
4.1 Introduction 83
4.2 Objectives 83
4.3 Sonic Velocity and Mach Number 84
4.4 Wave Propagation 89
4.5 Equations for Perfect Gases in Terms of Mach Number 92
4.6 h–s and T –s Diagrams 97
4.7 Summary 99
Problems 100
Check Test 102

5 VARYING-AREA ADIABATIC FLOW 105
5.1 Introduction 105
5.2 Objectives 105
5.3 General Fluid—No Losses 106
5.4 Perfect Gases with Losses 111
5.5 The * Reference Concept 115
5.6 Isentropic Table 118
5.7 Nozzle Operation 124
5.8 Nozzle Performance 131
5.9 Diffuser Performance 133
5.10 When ? Is Not Equal to 1.4 135
5.11 (Optional) Beyond the Tables 135
5.12 Summary 138
Problems 139
Check Test 144

6 STANDING NORMAL SHOCKS 147
6.1 Introduction 147
6.2 Objectives 147
6.3 Shock Analysis—General Fluid 148
6.4 Working Equations for Perfect Gases 151
6.5 Normal-Shock Table 154
6.6 Shocks in Nozzles 159
6.7 Supersonic Wind Tunnel Operation 164
6.8 When ? Is Not Equal to 1.4 166
6.9 (Optional) Beyond the Tables 168
6.10 Summary 169
Problems 170
Check Test 174

7 MOVING AND OBLIQUE SHOCKS 175
7.1 Introduction 175
7.2 Objectives 175
7.3 Normal Velocity Superposition: Moving Normal Shocks 176
7.4 Tangential Velocity Superposition: Oblique Shocks 179
7.5 Oblique-Shock Analysis: Perfect Gas 185
7.6 Oblique-Shock Table and Charts 187
7.7 Boundary Condition of Flow Direction 189
7.8 Boundary Condition of Pressure Equilibrium 193
7.9 Conical Shocks 195
7.10 (Optional) Beyond the Tables 198
7.11 Summary 200
Problems 201
Check Test 205

8 PRANDTL–MEYER FLOW 207
8.1 Introduction 207
8.2 Objectives 207
8.3 Argument for Isentropic Turning Flow 208
8.4 Analysis of Prandtl–Meyer Flow 214
8.5 Prandtl–Meyer Function 218
8.6 Overexpanded and Underexpanded Nozzles 221
8.7 Supersonic Airfoils 226
8.8 When ? Is Not Equal to 1.4 230
8.9 (Optional) Beyond the Tables 231
8.10 Summary 232
Problems 233
Check Test 238

9 FANNO FLOW 241
9.1 Introduction 241
9.2 Objectives 241
9.3 Analysis for a General Fluid 242
9.4 Working Equations for Perfect Gases 248
9.5 Reference State and Fanno Table 253
9.6 Applications 257
9.7 Correlation with Shocks 261
9.8 Friction Choking 264
9.9 When ? Is Not Equal to 1.4 267
9.10 (Optional) Beyond the Tables 268
9.11 Summary 269
Problems 270
Check Test 274

10 RAYLEIGH FLOW 277
10.1 Introduction 277
10.2 Objectives 278
10.3 Analysis for a General Fluid 278
10.4 Working Equations for Perfect Gases 288
10.5 Reference State and the Rayleigh Table 293
10.6 Applications 295
10.7 Correlation with Shocks 298
10.8 Thermal Choking due to Heating 302
10.9 When ? Is Not Equal to 1.4 305
10.10 (Optional) Beyond the Tables 306
10.11 Summary 307
Problems 308
Check Test 313

11 REAL GAS EFFECTS 315
11.1 Introduction 315
11.2 Objectives 316
11.3 What’s Really Going On 317
11.4 Semiperfect Gas Behavior, Development of the Gas Table 319
11.5 Real Gas Behavior, Equations of State and
Compressibility Factors 325
11.6 Variable ?—Variable-Area Flows 329
11.7 Variable ? —Constant-Area Flows 336
11.8 Summary 338
Problems 340
Check Test 341

12 PROPULSION SYSTEMS 343
12.1 Introduction 343
12.2 Objectives 343
12.3 Brayton Cycle 344
12.4 Propulsion Engines 353
12.5 General Performance Parameters,
Thrust, Power, and Efficiency 369
12.6 Air-Breathing Propulsion Systems
Performance Parameters 375
12.7 Air-Breathing Propulsion Systems
Incorporating Real Gas Effects 380
12.8 Rocket Propulsion Systems
Performance Parameters 381
12.9 Supersonic Diffusers 384
12.10 Summary 387
Problems 388
Check Test 392

APPENDIXES
A. Summary of the English Engineering (EE) System of Units 396
B. Summary of the International System (SI) of Units 400
C. Friction-Factor Chart 404
D. Oblique-Shock Charts (? = 1.4) (Two-Dimensional) 406
E. Conical-Shock Charts (? = 1.4) (Three-Dimensional) 410
F. Generalized Compressibility Factor Chart 414
G. Isentropic Flow Parameters (? = 1.4)
(including Prandtl–Meyer Function) 416
H. Normal-Shock Parameters (? = 1.4) 428
I. Fanno Flow Parameters (? = 1.4) 438
J. Rayleigh Flow Parameters (? = 1.4) 450
K. Properties of Air at Low Pressures 462
L. Specific Heats of Air at Low Pressures 470


Total 500 pages 4.3 mb
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