ELEMENTARY MECHANICS & THERMODYNAMICS

Contents
1 MOTION ALONG A STRAIGHT LINE 11
1.1 Motion
1.2 Position and Displacement
1.3 Average Velocity and Average Speed
1.4 Instantaneous Velocity and Speed
1.5 Acceleration
1.6 Constant Acceleration: A Special Case
1.7 Another Look at Constant Acceleration
1.8 Free-Fall Acceleration
1.9 Problems

2 VECTORS 31
2.1 Vectors and Scalars
2.2 Adding Vectors: Graphical Method
2.3 Vectors and Their Components
2.3.1 Review of Trigonometry
2.3.2 Components of Vectors
2.4 Unit Vectors
2.5 Adding Vectors by Components
2.6 Vectors and the Laws of Physics
2.7 Multiplying Vectors
2.7.1 The Scalar Product (often called dot product)
2.7.2 The Vector Product
2.8 Problems

3 MOTION IN 2 & 3 DIMENSIONS 47
3.1 Moving in Two or Three Dimensions
3.2 Position and Displacement
3.3 Velocity and Average Velocity

4 CONTENTS
3.4 Acceleration and Average Acceleration
3.5 Projectile Motion
3.6 Projectile Motion Analyzed
3.7 Uniform Circular Motion
3.8 Problems

4 FORCE & MOTION - I 65
4.1 What Causes an Acceleration?
4.2 Newton's First Law
4.3 Force
4.4 Mass
4.5 Newton's Second Law
4.6 Some Particular Forces
4.7 Newton's Third Law
4.8 Applying Newton's Laws
4.9 Problems

5 FORCE & MOTION - II 79
5.1 Friction
5.2 Properties of Friction
5.3 Drag Force and Terminal Speed
5.4 Uniform Circular Motion
5.5 Problems

6 POTENTIAL ENERGY & CONSERVATION OF ENERGY 89
6.1 Work
6.2 Kinetic Energy
6.3 Work-Energy Theorem
6.4 Gravitational Potential Energy
6.5 Conservation of Energy
6.6 Spring Potential Energy
6.7 Appendix: alternative method to obtain potential energy
6.8 Problems

7 SYSTEMS OF PARTICLES 107
7.1 A Special Point
7.2 The Center of Mass
7.3 Newton's Second Law for a System of Particles
7.4 Linear Momentum of a Point Particle
7.5 Linear Momentum of a System of Particles
7.6 Conservation of Linear Momentum
7.7 Problems

8 COLLISIONS 119
8.1 What is a Collision?
8.2 Impulse and Linear Momentum
8.3 Elastic Collisions in 1-dimension
8.4 Inelastic Collisions in 1-dimension
8.5 Collisions in 2-dimensions
8.6 Reactions and Decay Processes
8.7 Problems

9 ROTATION 131
9.1 Translation and Rotation
9.2 The Rotational Variables
9.3 Are Angular Quantities Vectors?
9.4 Rotation with Constant Angular Acceleration
9.5 Relating the Linear and Angular Variables
9.6 Kinetic Energy of Rotation
9.7 Calculating the Rotational Inertia
9.8 Torque
9.9 Newton's Second Law for Rotation
9.10 Work and Rotational Kinetic Energy
9.11 Problems
10 ROLLING, TORQUE & ANGULAR MOMENTUM 145
10.1 Rolling
10.2 Yo-Yo
10.3 Torque Revisited
10.4 Angular Momentum
10.5 Newton's Second Law in Angular Form
10.6 Angular Momentum of a System of Particles
10.7 Angular Momentum of a Rigid Body Rotating About a Fixed Axis
10.8 Conservation of Angular Momentum
10.9 Problems

11 GRAVITATION 153
11.1 The World and the Gravitational Force
11.2 Newton's Law of Gravitation
11.3 Gravitation and Principle of Superposition
11.4 Gravitation Near Earth's Surface
11.5 Gravitation Inside Earth
11.6 Gravitational Potential Energy
11.7 Kepler's Laws
11.8 Problems

12 OSCILLATIONS 175
12.1 Oscillations
12.2 Simple Harmonic Motion
12.3 Force Law for SHM
12.4 Energy in SHM
12.5 An Angular Simple Harmonic Oscillator
12.6 Pendulum
12.7 Problems

13 WAVES - I 191
13.1 Waves and Particles
13.2 Types of Waves
13.3 Transverse and Longitudinal Waves
13.4 Wavelength and Frequency
13.5 Speed of a Travelling Wave
13.6 Wave Speed on a String
13.7 Energy and Power of a Travelling String Wave
13.8 Principle of Superposition
13.9 Interference of Waves
13.10 Phasors
13.11 Standing Waves
13.12 Standing Waves and Resonance
13.13Problems

14 WAVES - II 201
14.1 Sound Waves
14.2 Speed of Sound
14.3 Travelling Sound Waves
14.4 Interference
14.5 Intensity and Sound Level
14.6 Sources of Musical Sound
14.7 Beats
14.8 Doppler E®ect
14.9 Problems

15 TEMPERATURE, HEAT & 1ST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
15.1 Thermodynamics
15.2 Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
15.3 Measuring Temperature
15.4 Celsius, Farenheit and Kelvin Temperature Scales
15.5 Thermal Expansion
15.6 Temperature and Heat
15.7 The Absorption of Heat by Solids and Liquids
15.8 A Closer Look at Heat and Work
15.9 The First Law of Thermodynamics
15.10 Special Cases of 1st Law of Thermodynamics
15.11 Heat Transfer Mechanisms
15.12Problems

16 KINETIC THEORY OF GASES 225
16.1 A New Way to Look at Gases
16.2 Avagadro's Number
16.3 Ideal Gases
16.4 Pressure, Temperature and RMS Speed
16.5 Translational Kinetic Energy
16.6 Mean Free Path
16.7 Distribution of Molecular Speeds
16.8 Problems

17 Review of Calculus 235
17.1 Derivative Equals Slope
17.1.1 Slope of a Straight Line
17.1.2 Slope of a Curve
17.1.3 Some Common Derivatives
17.1.4 Extremum Value of a Function
17.2 Integral
17.2.1 Integral Equals Antiderivative
17.2.2 Integral Equals Area Under Curve
17.2.3 De¯nite and Inde¯nite Integrals
17.3 Problems

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