Technology Piping

Preface xv

New Developments

Acknowledgments  xxiii

1 New Pipeline Installations  

1.1 Buried Pipe History  

1.1.1 The Pipe-Soil Interaction

1.2 Open-Cut Method of Pipe Installation

1.3 Comparison of Construction Operations

1.4 Trenchless Technology Methods

1.5 Three Main Divisions of Trenchless Technology Methods

1.6 Trenchless Installation Methods  

1.6.1 Conventional Pipe Jacking

1.6.2 Utility Tunneling

1.6.3 Horizontal Earth Boring

1.7 Characteristics and Applications of Trenchless Construction Methods  

1.8 Capabilities and Limitations of New Installation Methods  

1.8.1 Conventional Pipe Jacking and Utility Tunneling  

1.8.2 Horizontal Auger Boring  

1.8.3 Horizontal Directional Drilling

1.8.4 Microtunneling

1.8.5 Pilot-Tube Microtunneling   

1.8.6 Pipe Ramming

1.9 Planning and Safety Considerations

1.10 Cost Estimating and Bidding

1.11 Summary

2 Existing Pipeline Renewal and Replacement Methods

2.1 Introduction

2.1.1 Existing Pipe Underperformance

2.2 Planning Trenchless Renewal/Replacement Project

2.2.1 Planning Activities

2.2.2 Design Process

2.3 Applicability of Trenchless Renewal and Replacement Methods

2.3.1 Cured-in-Place Pipe  

2.3.2 Sliplining

2.3.3 Modifi ed Sliplining

2.3.4 Coatings and Linings

2.3.5 Close-Fit Pipe

2.3.6 Thermoformed Pipe

2.3.7 Lateral Renewal

2.3.8 Point Source Repair or Localized Repairs

2.3.9 Trenchless Replacement Methods

2.4 Sample Decision Support Systems for Gravity and Pressure Pipes

2.5 Emerging Design Concepts for Pipeline Renewal Systems

2.5.1 Long-Term Testing  

2.6 Summary

2.7 Sample Design Calculations for CIPP

2.8 Sample Specifi cations for CIPP

3 Spray-on Coatings and Linings for Renewal of Potable Water Pipe Distributions

3.1 Introduction 

3.2 Water Distribution Pipe Applications

3.3 Selecting a Water Pipe Renewal Method

3.4 Installation Phases of Coatings and Linings

3.5 Planning and Site Investigations

3.6 Pipe Inspection  

3.6.1 Objectives of Prelining Inspections .

3.7 Pipe Cleaning Methods .

3.8 Installation Considerations .

3.9 Disinfection Methods .

3.9.1 Tablet Method .

3.9.2 Continuous Feed Method .

3.9.3 Slug Method .

3.9.4 Ozonation .

3.9.5 U.K. Method  

3.10 Pipe Sample Testing .

3.11 Quality Control .

3.12 Safety .

3.13 Reconnecting Appurtenances .

3.14 Surface Restoration and Site Clearing  .

3.15 Waste Disposal .

3.16 Descriptions of Coatings and Linings Methods .

3.16.1 Cement-Mortar Linings .

3.16.2 Epoxy Linings.

3.16.3 Polyurea .

3.16.4 Polyurethane.

3.17 Installation Procedures.

3.18 Comparison of Coating and Lining Methods.

3.19 Ongoing Research on Liner and Pipe Interactions.

3.20 Summary.

4 Pipe and Pipe Installation Considerations.

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Pipeline Construction Using Open-Cut Method.

4.3 The Pipe-Soil System.

4.3.1 Rigid Pipes and Flexible Pipes  .

4.3.2 Soils.

4.3.3 Pipe-Soil Interaction.

4.3.4 Behavior of Rigid Pipes.

4.3.5 Behavior of Flexible Pipes.

4.4 Common Modes of Pipeline Failures.

4.4.1 Failure Modes in Rigid Pipes.

4.4.2 Failure Modes in Flexible Pipe.

4.5 Pipe Selection Considerations.

4.6 Rigid Pipes.

4.6.1 Cement-Based Pipes  .

4.6.2 Vitrifi ed Clay Pipe.

4.7 Plastics Pipes.

4.7.1 Properties of Viscoelastic Pipe Materials  .

4.7.2 Polyvinyl Chloride Pipe.

4.7.3 Polyethylene Pipe.

4.7.4 Glass-Reinforced Pipe (Fiberglass Pipe)  .

4.7.5 Metallic Pipes .

4.8 Summary

5 Project Considerations for Horizontal Directional Drilling

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Method Description

5.3 Maxi-HDD Considerations

5.3.1 Site Investigation Requirements

5.3.2 Drilling Operations

5.3.3 Drilled Path Design

5.3.4 Drilling Fluids

5.3.5 Product Pipe Specifi cations

5.3.6 Specifi cations and Drawings

5.3.7 Contractual Considerations

5.3.8 Inspection and Construction Monitoring

5.4 Mini-HDD Considerations

5.4.1 Mini-HDD Planning

5.4.2 Bore Path Layout and Design—Vertical Trajectory

5.4.3 Overall Bore Path Layout and Design

5.5 Pipe Load Calculations

5.5.1 Pipe Load Calculations

5.5.2 Simplifi cations for Mini-HDD Applications

5.5.3 Applications

5.5.4 Design Example

5.6 Summary

6 Project Considerations for Pipe Replacement Methods

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Pipe Bursting

6.2.1 Pneumatic Bursting Systems

6.2.2 Hydraulic Bursting Systems

6.2.3 Static Bursting Systems

6.3 Pipe Removal Systems

6.3.1 Pipe Reaming

6.3.2 Impactor Method

6.3.3 Pipe Ejection, Extraction,

or Insertion

6.3.4 Pipe Eating

6.4 Existing Pipe Materials

6.5 Replacement (New) Pipe Material

6.6 When Is Pipe Bursting a Preferred Solution?

6.7 Pipe Bursting Project Classifi cation

6.7.1 Pipe Bursting Applicability and Limitations .

6.8 Design Considerations

6.8.1 Utility Survey

6.8.2 Investigation of Existing Pipe and Site Conditions .

6.8.3 Insertion and Pulling Shaft Requirements

6.8.4 Geotechnical Investigation Requirements

6.8.5 Maximum Allowable Operating Pressure

6.8.6 Risk Assessment Plan

6.8.7 Ground Movements

6.8.8 Drawings and Specifi cations

6.8.9 Submittals

6.8.10 Quality Assurance/Quality Control Issues

6.8.11 Dispute Resolution Mechanisms

6.8.12 Permitting Issues

6.8.13 Cost Estimating

6.9 Construction Considerations

6.9.1 Typical Pipe-Bursting Operation Layout

6.9.2 Shoring the Entry and Pulling Shafts

6.9.3 Matching System Components to Reduce Risk of Failure

6.9.4 Nearby Utilities

6.9.5 Bypass Pumping

6.9.6 Dewatering

6.9.7 Ground Movement Monitoring

6.9.8 Manhole Connections

6.9.9 Pipe Connection to Other Pipes

6.9.10 Pipe Bursting Water Mains

6.9.11 Service Connections

6.9.12 Grooves on the Outside Surface of the Pipe

6.9.13 As-Built Drawings

6.9.14 Contingency Plan

6.9.15 Safety Considerations

6.9.16 Potential Problems

6.10 Sample Pipe Load Calculations

6.10.1 Introduction

6.10.2 Pulling Loads—Theoretical Considerations

6.10.3 Pulling Loads—Planning Guide

6.10.4 Pipe Collapse Conditions

6.11 Summary

7 Construction and Inspection for Cured-in-Place Pipe

7.1 Overview of the CIPP Technology

7.1.1 Background

7.1.2 Method Description

7.2 Site Compatibility and Applications

7.2.1 Effects of Pipe Defects

7.3 Main CIPP Characteristics

7.3.1 Tube Wet-Out

7.4 CIPP Installation Methods

7.4.1 Pulled-in-Place Process

7.4.2 Inversion Process

7.4.3 Preliner Options

7.4.4 CIPP Liner Curing

7.5 Inspecting CIPP Installation

7.6 Pipe Plugging or Bypass Pumping

7.7 Quality Assurance and Testing

7.7.1 CIPP Inspection and Acceptance

7.7.2 Workmanship

7.7.3 Quality Control Issues

7.8 Summary

8 Inspection and Quality Assurance/Quality Control for Trenchless Installation and Replacement Methods

8.1 Conventional Pipe Jacking

8.1.1 Introduction

8.1.2 Materials

8.1.3 Construction

8.2 Microtunneling .

8.2.1 Introduction

8.2.2 Pipe Materials

8.2.3 Construction

8.3 Pilot-Tube Microtunneling

8.3.1 Introduction .

8.3.2 Design of the Pipe

8.3.3 Construction Considerations

8.4 Horizontal Auger Boring

8.4.1 Introduction

8.4.2 Materials

8.4.3 Construction

8.5 Pipe Ramming

8.5.1 Introduction

8.5.2 Materials

8.5.3 Construction

8.6 Horizontal Directional Drilling

8.6.1 Introduction

8.6.2 Pipe Material Standards

8.6.3 Construction

8.7 Pipe Replacement

8.7.1 Introduction

8.7.2 Materials

8.7.3 Construction

8.8 Access Pits/Driving and Receiving Shafts

8.9 Settlement/Heaving Monitoring

8.10 Groundwater Control

8.11 Boring/Ramming/Bursting Failure

8.12 Contamination

8.13 Bulkhead

8.14 Work-Site Restoration

8.15 Summary

9 Planning and Safety Considerations for Trenchless Installation Methods

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Planning for a Trenchless Project

9.2.1 Surface Survey and Site Visit

9.2.2 Subsurface Investigations

9.2.3 Geotechnical Investigations

9.2.4 Permits

9.2.5 Job Site Logistics Requirements

9.2.6 Length of Installation

9.2.7 Alignment Considerations

9.2.8 Accuracy and Tolerances Including Settlement and Heave

9.3 Trenchless Safety Considerations

9.3.1 Project Safety Planning

9.3.2 Hazard Assessment

9.3.3 Risk Assessment

9.3.4 Utility Mapping

9.3.5 Contingency Plans

9.3.6 Communication

9.3.7 Equipment Operator Training

9.4 Summary

A References

B Related Documents

C Acronyms and Abbreviations .

D Glossary of Terms

E Conversion Table

Index 

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