Fluid Mechanics & Machinery

This book Basic Fluid Mechanics is revised and enlarged by the addition of four chapters on Hydraulic Machinery and is now titled as Fluid Mechanics and Machinery. The authors hope this book will have a wider scope.


This book will be suitable for the courses on Fluid Mechanics and Machinery of the various branches of study of Anna University and also other Indian universities and the Institution of Engineers (India).


Professor Obert has observed in his famous treatise on Thermodynamics that concepts
are better understood by their repeated applications to real life situations. A firm conviction of this principle has prompted the author to arrange the text material in each chapter in the following order.


In the first section after enunciating the basic concepts and laws, physical and
mathematical models are developed leading to the formulation of relevant equations for the determination of outputs. Simple and direct numerical examples are included to illustrate the basic laws. More stress is on the model development as compared to numerical problems.



A section titled “SOLVED PROBLEMS” comes next. In this section more involved derivations and numerical problems of practical interest are solved. The investigation of the effectof influencing parameters for the complete spectrum of values is attempted here. Problemsinvolving complex situations are shown solved in this section. It will also illustrate the range ofvalues that may be expected under different situations. Two important ideas are stressed inthis section. These are (1) checking for dimensional homogeneity in the case of all equationsderived before these equations can be used and (2) The validation of numerical answers bycross checking. This concept of validation in professional practice is a must in all design situations.


In the next section a large number of objective type questions with answers are given.
These are very useful for understanding the basics and resolving misunderstandings.


In the final section a large number of graded exercise problems involving simple to com-
plex situations, most of them with answers, are included.


The material is divided into sixteen chapters. The first chapter deals in great detail with properties of fluids and their influence on the operation of various equipments. The next chapter discusses the determination of variation of pressure with depth in stationary and moving fluids.

The third chapter deals with determination of forces on surfaces in contact with stationary fluids.

Chapter four deals with buoyant forces on immersed or floating bodies and the importance of metacentric height on stability.

In chapter five basic fluid flow concepts and hydrodynamics are discussed. Energy equations and the variation of flow parameters along flow as well as pressure
loss due to friction are dealt with in chapter six.


In chapter seven flow in closed conduits including flow in pipe net work are discussed.
Dimensional analysis and model testing and discussed in a detailed manner in chapters
eight and nine. Boundary layer theory and determination of forces due to fluid flow on bodies are dealt with in chapter ten.


In chapter eleven various flow measuring methods and instruments are described. Flow
in open channels is dealt with in detail in chapter twelve.
Chapter thirteen deals with dynamics of fluid flow in terms force exerted on surface due to change of momentum along the flow on the surface.
Chapter fourteen deals with the theory of turbo machines as applied to the different type of hydraulic turbines. The working of centrifugal and axial flow pumps is detailed in chapter fifteen. The last chapter sixteen discusses the working of reciprocating and other positive dis placement pumps.

The total number of illustrative worked examples is around five hundred. The objective
questions number around seven hundred. More than 450 exercise problems with answers are
also included.

The authors thank all the professors who have given very useful suggestions for the
improvement of the book.

 

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Introduction to Fluid Mechanics

This book was written as a textbook or guidebook on fluid mechanics for  students or junior engineers studying mechanical or civil engineering. The  recent progress  in  the  science  of  visualisation  and  computational  fluid  dynamics is astounding. In this book, effort has been made to introduce  students /engineers  to  fluid mechanics  by  making explanations  easy  to
understand, including recent information and comparing the theories with  actual phenomena.

Fluid mechanics has hitherto been divided into ‘hydraulics’, dealing with the experimental side, and ‘hydrodynamics’, dealing with the theoretical side. In recent years, however, both have merged into an inseparable single science. A great deal was contributed by developments in the science of visualisation and  by  the progress in computational  fluid dynamics using  advances in computers. This book is written from this point of view. The following features are included in the book
1.  Many illustrations, photographs and items of interest are presented for easy reading.
2.  Portrait  sketches  of  17  selected  pioneers who contributed  to  the development  of  fluid  mechanics  are  inserted, together with  brief descriptions of their achievements in the field.
3.  Related major books and papers are presented in footnotes to facilitate advanced study.
4.  Exercises appear at the ends of chapters  to test understanding of  the chapter topic.
5. Special emphasis is placed on flow visualisation and computational fluid 14 colour plates to assist understanding.

Books and papers by senior scholars throughout the world are referenced, with special acknowledgements to some of them. Among these, Professor R.F. Boucher, one of my oldest friends, assumed the role of editor of the English edition and made numerous revisions and additions by checking the book minutely during his busy  time as Principal and Vice-Chancellor of UMIST. Another is Professor K.  Kanayama  of  Musashino Academia Musicae who made many suggestions as my  private language adviser. In addition,  Mr Matthew Flynn and Dr Liz  Gooster of  Arnold  took  much trouble over the tedious editing work.I take this opportunity  to offer my deepest appreciation to them all.

Yasuki Nakayama

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Fluid Mechanics 4th Ed McGrawHill

The fourth edition of this textbook sees some additions and deletions but no philosophical change. The basic outline of eleven chapters and five appendices remains the same. The triad of integral, differential, and experimental approaches is retained and is approached in that order of presentation. The book is intended for an undergraduate course in fluid mechanics, and there is plenty of material for a full year of instruction.
The author covers the first six chapters and part of Chapter7 in the introductory semester.

The more specialized and applied topics from Chapters 7 to 11 are then covered at our university in a second semester. The informal, student-oriented style is retained and, if it succeeds, has the flavor of an interactive lecture by the author.

Approximately 30 percent of the problem exercises, and some fully worked examples,have been changed or are new. The total number of problem exercises has increased to more than 1500 in this fourth edition. The focus of the new problems is on practical and realistic fluids engineering experiences. Problems are grouped according to topic, and some are labeled either with an asterisk (especially challenging) or a computer-disk icon (where computer solution is recommended). Anumber of new photographs and figures have been added, especially to illustrate new design applications and new instruments.
Professor John Cimbala, of Pennsylvania State University, contributed many of the new problems. He had the great idea of setting comprehensive problems at the end of each chapter, covering a broad range of concepts, often from several different chapters. These comprehensive problems grow and recur throughout the book as new concepts arise. Six more open-ended design projects have been added, making 15 projects in all. The projects allow the student to set sizes and parameters and achieve good design with more than one approach.

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FUNDAMENTAL OF COMPRESSIBLE FLUID DYNAMIC

CONTENTS
Stagnation effects
Nozzle
Normal Shock
Isothermal Flow
Fanno Flow
Rayleigh Flow
Evacuation and filling semi rigid Chambers
Evacuating and filling chambers under external forces
Oblique Shock
Prandtl–Meyer
Transient problem
1 Introduction 1
1.1 What is Compressible Flow ?
1.2 Why Compressible Flow is Important?
1.3 Historical Background
1.3.1 Early Developments
1.3.2 The shock wave puzzle
1.3.3 Choking Flow
1.3.4 External flow
1.3.5 Filling and Evacuating Gaseous Chambers
1.3.6 Biographies of Major Figures

2 Fundamentals of Basic Fluid Mechanics
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Fluid Properties
2.3 Control Volume
2.4 Reynold’s Transport Theorem

3 Speed of Sound
3.1 Motivation
3.2 Introduction
3.3 Speed of sound in ideal and perfect gases
3.4 Speed of Sound in Real Gas
3.5 Speed of Sound in Almost Incompressible Liquid
3.6 Speed of Sound in Solids
3.7 Sound Speed in Two Phase Medium

4 Isentropic Flow
4.1 Stagnation State for Ideal Gas Model
4.1.1 General Relationship
4.1.2 Relationships for Small Mach Number
4.2 Isentropic Converging-Diverging Flow in Cross Section
4.2.1 The Properties in the Adiabatic Nozzle
4.2.2 Isentropic Flow Examples

CONTENTS v
4.2.3 Mass Flow Rate (Number)
4.3 Isentropic Tables
4.3.1 Isentropic Isothermal Flow Nozzle
4.3.2 General Relationship
4.4 The Impulse Function
4.4.1 Impulse in Isentropic Adiabatic Nozzle
4.4.2 The Impulse Function in Isothermal Nozzle
4.5 Isothermal Table
4.6 The effects of Real Gases

5 Normal Shock
5.1 Solution of the Governing Equations
5.1.1 Informal Model
5.1.2 Formal Model
5.1.3 Prandtl’s Condition
5.2 Operating Equations and Analysis
5.2.1 The Limitations of the Shock Wave
5.2.2 Small Perturbation Solution
5.2.3 Shock Thickness
5.2.4 Shock or Wave Drag
5.3 The Moving Shocks
5.3.1 Shock or Wave Drag Result from a Moving Shock
5.3.2 Shock Result from a Sudden and Complete Stop
5.3.3 Moving Shock into Stationary Medium (Suddenly Open Valve)
5.3.4 Partially Open Valve
5.3.5 Partially Closed Valve
5.3.6 Worked–out Examples for Shock Dynamics
5.4 Shock Tube
5.5 Shock with Real Gases
5.6 Shock in Wet Steam
5.7 Normal Shock in Ducts
5.8 More Examples for Moving Shocks
5.9 Tables of Normal Shocks, k = 1.4 Ideal Gas

6 Normal Shock in Variable Duct Areas
6.1 Nozzle efficiency
6.2 Diffuser Efficiency
7 Nozzle Flow With External Forces
7.1 Isentropic Nozzle (Q = 0)
7.2 Isothermal Nozzle (T = constant)

vi CONTENTS
8 Isothermal Flow 143
8.1 The Control Volume Analysis/Governing equations
8.2 Dimensionless Representation
8.3 The Entrance Limitation of Supersonic Branch
8.4 Comparison with Incompressible Flow
8.5 Supersonic Branch
8.6 Figures and Tables
8.7 Isothermal Flow Examples
8.8 Unchoked situations in Fanno Flow

9 Fanno Flow
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Model
9.3 Non–Dimensionalization of the Equations
9.4 The Mechanics and Why the Flow is Choked?
9.5 The working equations
9.6 Examples of Fanno Flow
9.7 Supersonic Branch
9.8 Maximum Length for the Supersonic Flow
9.9 Working Conditions
9.9.1 Variations of The Tube Length ( 4fLD ) Effects
9.9.2 The Pressure Ratio, P2,P1 , effects
9.9.3 Entrance Mach number, M1, effects
9.10 Practical Examples for Subsonic Flow
9.10.1 Subsonic Fanno Flow for Given 4fLD and Pressure Ratio
9.10.2 Subsonic Fanno Flow for a Given M1 and Pressure Ratio
9.11 The Approximation of the Fanno Flow by Isothermal Flow
9.12 More Examples of Fanno Flow
9.13 The Table for Fanno Flow

10 Rayleigh Flow
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Governing Equation
10.3 Rayleigh Flow Tables
10.4 Examples For Rayleigh Flow

11 Evacuating SemiRigid Chambers
11.1 Governing Equations and Assumptions
11.2 General Model and Non-dimensioned
11.2.1 Isentropic Process
11.2.2 Isothermal Process in The Chamber
11.2.3 A Note on the Entrance Mach number
11.3 Rigid Tank with Nozzle
11.3.1 Adiabatic Isentropic Nozzle Attached
11.3.2 Isothermal Nozzle Attached
CONTENTS vii
11.4 Rapid evacuating of a rigid tank
11.4.1 With Fanno Flow
11.4.2 Filling Process
11.4.3 The Isothermal Process
11.4.4 Simple Semi Rigid Chamber
11.4.5 The “Simple” General Case
11.5 Advance Topics

12 Evacuating under External Volume Control
12.1 General Model
12.1.1 Rapid Process
12.1.2 Examples
12.1.3 Direct Connection
12.2 Summary

13 Oblique Shock
13.1 Preface to Oblique Shock
13.2 Introduction
13.2.1 Introduction to Oblique Shock
13.2.2 Introduction to Prandtl–Meyer Function
13.2.3 Introduction to Zero Inclination
13.3 Oblique Shock
13.4 Solution of Mach Angle
13.4.1 Upstream Mach Number, M1, and Deflection Angle,
13.4.2 When No Oblique Shock Exist or When D > 0
13.4.3 Upstream Mach Number, M1, and Shock Angle, µ
13.4.4 Given Two Angles, ± and µ
13.4.5 Flow in a Semi–2D Shape
13.4.6 Small ± “Weak Oblique shock”
13.4.7 Close and Far Views of the Oblique Shock
13.4.8 Maximum Value of Oblique shock
13.5 Detached Shock
13.5.1 Issues Related to the Maximum Deflection Angle
13.5.2 Oblique Shock Examples .
13.5.3 Application of Oblique Shock
13.5.4 Optimization of Suction Section Design
13.5.5 Retouch of Shock or Wave Drag
13.6 Summary
13.7 Appendix: Oblique Shock Stability Analysis

14 Prandtl-Meyer Function
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Geometrical Explanation
14.2.1 Alternative Approach to Governing Equations
14.2.2 Comparison And Limitations between the Two Approaches
viii CONTENTS
14.3 The Maximum Turning Angle
14.4 The Working Equations for the Prandtl-Meyer Function
14.5 d’Alembert’s Paradox
14.6 Flat Body with an Angle of Attack
14.7 Examples For Prandtl–Meyer Function
14.8 Combination of the Oblique Shock and Isentropic Expansion

A Computer Program
A.1 About the Program
A.2 Usage
A.3 Program listings

Total 3 mb 343 pages

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