FUNDAMENTALS OF MACHINE COMPONENT DESIGN

This indispensable reference goes beyond explaining the basics of mechanics, strength of materials, and materials properties by showing readers how to apply these fundamentals to specific machine components. They' ll learn how to solve mechanical component design problems while reviewing numerous examples and working on end-of-chapter problems. With the help of graphical procedures, they' ll also gain the skills needed to visualize the solution format, develop added insight about the significance of the results, and determine how the design can be improved.

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ENGINEERING DESIGN PROCESS

Preface xv
Chapter 1 Introduction 2
1.1 Objectives 3
1.2 Definition of Engineering Design 3
1.2.1 Design Levels 3
1.3 Importance and Challenges of Engineering Design 4
1.4 Introduction to Systematic Design 6
1.5 Design Process 8
1.5.1 Identifying Customer Needs (Requirements) 12
1.5.2 Market Analysis (Requirements) 14
1.5.3 Defining Goals (Requirements) 15
1.5.4 Establishing Functions (Product Concept) 16
1.5.5 Task Specifications (Product Concept) 18
1.5.6 Conceptualization (Solution Concept) 19
1.5.7 Evaluating Alternatives (Solution Concept) 20
1.5.8 Embodiment Design 20
1.5.9 Analysis and Optimization 20
1.5.10 Experiment 21
1.5.11 Marketing 21
1.6 Professionalism and Ethics 22
1.6.1 NSPE Code of Ethics 22

LAB 1: Ethics 27
LAB 2: Ethics and Moral Frameworks 33

1.7 Problems 38
1.7.1 Team Activities 38
1.7.2 Individual Activities 38
1.8 Selected Bibliography 40

Chapter 2 Essential Transferable Skills 42
2.1 Objectives 43
2.2 Working In Teams 43
2.2.1 Forming a Team 44

LAB 3: Ice Breaking—Forming Teams 45
2.2.2 Dynamics of a Team 51

LAB 4: Team Dynamics 54
2.3 Scheduling 55
2.3.1 Gantt Chart 56
2.3.2 CPM/PERT 57
2.3.3 CPM/PERT Definitions 57
2.3.4 CPM/PERT Network Development 58

LAB 5: Project Management (Microsoft Project) 61
2.4 Research Skills 82
2.5 Technical Writing and Presentation 83
2.5.1 Steps in Writing a Report 84
2.5.2 Illustration Guidelines 85
2.5.3 Mechanics of Writing 86
2.6 Presentation Style 87
2.6.1 Objective 87
2.6.2 Oral Presentation Obstacles 88
2.6.3 Oral Presentation Dos and Don’ts 88
2.6.4 Oral Presentation Techniques 89
2.6.5 Question/Answer Session 89

LAB 6: Presentation Style 90
2.7 Problems 94
2.7.1 Team Activities 94
2.7.2 Individual Activities 94
2.8 Selected Bibliography 97

Chapter 3 Identifying Needs and Gathering
Information (Market Analysis) 98
3.1 Objectives 99
3.2 Problem Definition: Need Statement 99
3.3 Gathering Information: Clarifying the Need 101
3.4 How To Conduct a Market Analysis 102
3.4.1 Define the Problem 102
3.4.2 Develop a Strategy 104
3.4.3 Organize and Check the Information Gathered 105
3.5 Relevant Information Resources 106
3.5.1 Product Information 106
3.5.2 Industry Information 106
3.5.3 Company Information 108
3.5.4 Market Information 109
3.6 Web Tools 110
3.7 Case Study: Automatic Aluminum Can Crusher 110
3.7.1 Need Statement 110
3.7.2 Market Research 110
3.7.3 Market Information 111
3.7.4 Patents 112
3.8 Problems 112
3.8.1 Team Activities 112
3.8.2 Individual Activities 113
3.9 Selected Bibliography 113

Chapter 4 Customer Requirements 114
4.1 Objectives 115
4.2 Identifying Customer Requirements 115
4.3 Prioritizing Customer Requirements 116
4.4 Case Study: Automatic Aluminum Can Crusher—Requirements 118
4.5 Organizing Customer Requirements—Objective Tree 120
4.6 Case Study: Automatic Aluminum Can Crusher—Objective Tree 123
LAB 7: Kano Model Customer Needs Assessment 126
4.7 Problems 129
4.7.1 Team Activities 129
4.8 Selected Bibliography 131

Chapter 5 Establishing Functional Structure 132
5.1 Objectives 133
5.2 Functions 134
5.3 Function Decomposition and Structure 134
5.3.1 Bounding Box and Overall Function Diagram 134
5.3.2 Function Tree 136
5.3.3 Function Structure 137
5.4 Detailed Procedure to Establish Functional Structures 139
5.5 Function Structure Examples 140
5.6 Reverse Engineering 144
5.6.1 Reverse Engineering Example—Dishwasher 145
5.7 Reverse Engineering Example—Paper Stapler 147

LAB 8: Reverse Engineering 148
5.8 Problems 149
5.8.1 Team Activities 149
5.9 Selected Bibliography 150
Chapter 6 Specifications 152
6.1 Objectives 153
6.2 Performance-Specification Method 156
6.3 Case Study Specification Table: Automatic Can Crusher 158
6.4 Quality-Function-Deployment Method 159
6.5 House of Quality: Automatic Can Crusher 165
6.6 Problems 169
6.6.1 Team Activities 169
6.6.2 Individual Activities 170
6.7 Selected Bibliography 171

Chapter 7 Developing Concepts 172
7.1 Objectives 173
7.2 Developing Working Structures 174
7.3 Steps to Develop Concepts From Functions 176
7.4 Brainstorming 177
7.4.1 Mechanism of Brainstorming Session 177
7.4.2 Ideation 178
7.5 Creativity 179
7.5.1 How to Increase Your Level of Creativity 180
7.6 Developing Concepts—Samples 182
7.6.1 Mechanical Vent 182
7.6.2 Wheelchair Retrieval Unit 182
7.6.3 Automatic Can Crusher 185
7.7 Problems 185
7.7.1 Team Activities 185
7.7.2 Individual Activities 188
7.8 Selected Bibliography 188

Chapter 8 Concepts Evaluation 190
8.1 Objectives 191
8.2 Sketch Assembly of Alternatives 192
8.3 Evaluating Conceptual Alternatives 192
8.3.1 Pugh’s Evaluation Matrix 194
8.3.2 Decision Matrix 195
8.4 Concepts Evaluation: Machine Shop Kit 197
8.5 Concepts Evaluation: Automatic Can Crusher 202
8.6 Problems 210
8.6.1 Team Activities 210
8.6.2 Individual Activities 210
8.7 Selected Bibliography 210

Chapter 9 Embodiment Design 212
9.1 Objectives 213
9.2 Product Drawings 214
9.3 Prototype 216
9.4 Design for “X” 217
9.4.1 Design for Manufacturing 217
9.4.2 Design for Assembly 218
9.4.3 Design for Environment 218
9.5 Safety Considerations 218
9.5.1 Safety Analysis Techniques 218
9.6 Human Factors 219
9.6.1 Human Sensory Capabilities 220
9.6.2 Anthropometric Data 221
LAB 9: Ergonomics 222
9.7 Problems 228
9.7.1 Team Activities 228
9.8 Selected Bibliography 229

Chapter 10 Detailed Design 230
10.1 Objectives 231
10.2 Analysis 232
10.3 Material Selection 232
10.3.1 Material Classifications and Properties 233
10.3.2 Material Selection Process 233
10.3.3 Primary Manufacturing Methods 235
10.4 Material Selection Theory–An Introduction 235
10.4.1 Density 235
10.4.2 Melting Point 236
10.4.3 Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion 236
10.4.4 Thermal Conductivity 236
10.4.5 Strength of Material 236
10.4.6 Ductility 237
10.4.7 Fatigue Properties 237
10.4.8 Impact Properties 237
10.4.9 Hardness 238
10.5 Bill of Material 238
LAB 10: Material Selection Tutorial 239
10.6 Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing 241
LAB 11: Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing 243
LAB 12: Use of Pro/MECHANICA® for Structural Analysis 243
10.7 Analysis Example: Mechanical Vegetable Harvesting Machine 250
10.8 Cost Analysis 257
10.9 Costs Classifications 258
10.10 Cost Estimate Methods 259
10.11 Labor Costs 261
10.12 Product Pricing 261
10.12.1 Break-Even Chart 261
10.12.2 Linear Programming 263
10.13 Problems 265
10.13.1 Team Activities 265
10.13.2 Individual Activities 266
10.14 Selected Bibliography 269

Chapter 11 Selection of Design Projects 270
11.1 Design Project Rules 271
11.2 Aluminum Can Crusher 273
11.2.1 Objective 273
11.2.2 Specifications 273
11.3 Coin Sorting Contest 273
11.3.1 Objective 273
11.3.2 Constraints 274
11.4 Model (Toy) Solar Car 274
11.4.1 Objective 274
11.4.2 Specifications 274
11.5 Workshop Training Kit 275
11.5.1 Specifications 275
11.6 Shopping Carts 275
11.6.1 Specifications 275
11.7 Mechanical Vents 276
11.7.1 Specifications 276
11.8 All Terrain Vehicle 276
11.9 Pocket-Sized Umbrella 277
11.10 Model of Therapeutic Wheelchair 277
11.11 Disposable Blood Pump 277
11.12 Newspaper Vending Machine 278
11.13 Peace Corps Group Projects 278
11.13.1 Projects 278
11.13.2 Materials 279
11.13.3 Machining 279
11.13.4 Deliverables 279

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Fluid Mechanics & Machinery

This book Basic Fluid Mechanics is revised and enlarged by the addition of four chapters on Hydraulic Machinery and is now titled as Fluid Mechanics and Machinery. The authors hope this book will have a wider scope.


This book will be suitable for the courses on Fluid Mechanics and Machinery of the various branches of study of Anna University and also other Indian universities and the Institution of Engineers (India).


Professor Obert has observed in his famous treatise on Thermodynamics that concepts
are better understood by their repeated applications to real life situations. A firm conviction of this principle has prompted the author to arrange the text material in each chapter in the following order.


In the first section after enunciating the basic concepts and laws, physical and
mathematical models are developed leading to the formulation of relevant equations for the determination of outputs. Simple and direct numerical examples are included to illustrate the basic laws. More stress is on the model development as compared to numerical problems.



A section titled “SOLVED PROBLEMS” comes next. In this section more involved derivations and numerical problems of practical interest are solved. The investigation of the effectof influencing parameters for the complete spectrum of values is attempted here. Problemsinvolving complex situations are shown solved in this section. It will also illustrate the range ofvalues that may be expected under different situations. Two important ideas are stressed inthis section. These are (1) checking for dimensional homogeneity in the case of all equationsderived before these equations can be used and (2) The validation of numerical answers bycross checking. This concept of validation in professional practice is a must in all design situations.


In the next section a large number of objective type questions with answers are given.
These are very useful for understanding the basics and resolving misunderstandings.


In the final section a large number of graded exercise problems involving simple to com-
plex situations, most of them with answers, are included.


The material is divided into sixteen chapters. The first chapter deals in great detail with properties of fluids and their influence on the operation of various equipments. The next chapter discusses the determination of variation of pressure with depth in stationary and moving fluids.

The third chapter deals with determination of forces on surfaces in contact with stationary fluids.

Chapter four deals with buoyant forces on immersed or floating bodies and the importance of metacentric height on stability.

In chapter five basic fluid flow concepts and hydrodynamics are discussed. Energy equations and the variation of flow parameters along flow as well as pressure
loss due to friction are dealt with in chapter six.


In chapter seven flow in closed conduits including flow in pipe net work are discussed.
Dimensional analysis and model testing and discussed in a detailed manner in chapters
eight and nine. Boundary layer theory and determination of forces due to fluid flow on bodies are dealt with in chapter ten.


In chapter eleven various flow measuring methods and instruments are described. Flow
in open channels is dealt with in detail in chapter twelve.
Chapter thirteen deals with dynamics of fluid flow in terms force exerted on surface due to change of momentum along the flow on the surface.
Chapter fourteen deals with the theory of turbo machines as applied to the different type of hydraulic turbines. The working of centrifugal and axial flow pumps is detailed in chapter fifteen. The last chapter sixteen discusses the working of reciprocating and other positive dis placement pumps.

The total number of illustrative worked examples is around five hundred. The objective
questions number around seven hundred. More than 450 exercise problems with answers are
also included.

The authors thank all the professors who have given very useful suggestions for the
improvement of the book.

 

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Software Quality Engineering

PART I OVERVIEW AND BASICS
1 Overview
1.1 Meeting People’s Quality Expectations
1.2 Book Organization and Chapter Overview
1.3 Dependency and Suggested Usage
1.4 Reader Preparation and Background Knowledge

2 What Is Software Quality?
2.1 Quality: Perspectives and Expectations
2.2 Quality Frameworks and ISO-9126
2.3 Correctness and Defects: Definitions, Properties, and Measurements
2.4 A Historical Perspective of Quality
2.5 So, What Is Software Quality?

3 Quality Assurance
3.1 Classification: QA as Dealing with Defects
3.2 Defect Prevention
3.2.1 Education and training
3.2.2 Formal method
3.2.3 Other defect prevention techniques
3.3.1 Inspection: Direct fault detection and removal
3.3.2 Testing: Failure observation and fault removal
3.3.3 Other techniques and risk identification
3.4.1 Software fault tolerance
3.4.2 Safety assurance and failure containment
3.3 Defect Reduction
3.4 Defect Containment
3.5 Concluding Remarks

4 Quality Assurance in Context
4.1 Handling Discovered Defect During QA Activities
4.2 QA Activities in Software Processes
4.3 Verification and Validation Perspectives
4.4 Reconciling the Two Views
4.5 Concluding Remarks
Problems

5 Quality Engineering
5.1 Quality Engineering: Activities and Process
5.2 Quality Planning: Goal Setting and Strategy Formation
5.3 Quality Assessment and Improvement
5.4 Quality Engineering in Software Processes
5.5 Concluding Remarks

PART II SOFTWARETESTING
6 Testing: Concepts, Issues, and Techniques
6.1 Purposes, Activities, Processes, and Context
6.2 Questions About Testing
6.3 Functional vs. Structural Testing: What to Test?
6.4 Coverage-Based vs. Usage-Based Testing: When to Stop Testing?
6.5 Concluding Remarks








 Test Activities, Management, and Automation
7.1 Test Planning and Preparation
7.1.1 Test planning: Goals, strategies, and techniques
7.1.2 Testing models and test cases
7.1.3 Test suite preparation and management
7.1.4 Preparation of test procedure
7.2 Test Execution, Result Checking, and Measurement
7.3 Analysis and Follow-up
7.4 Activities, People, and Management
7.5 Test Automation
7.6 Concluding Remarks
Problems

8 Coverage and Usage Testing Based on Checklists and Partitions
8.1 Checklist-Based Testing and Its Limitations
8.2 Testing for Partition Coverage
8.3 Usage-Based Statistical Testing with Musa’s Operational Profiles
8.4 Constructing Operational Profiles
8.5 Case Study: OP for the Cartridge Support Software
8.6 Concluding Remarks
8.2.1 Some motivational examples
8.2.2 Partition: Concepts and definitions
8.2.3 Testing decisions and predicates for partition coverage
8.3.1 The cases for usage-based statistical testing
8.3.2 Musa OP: Basic ideas
8.3.3 Using OPs for statistical testing and other purposes
8.4.1 Generic methods and participants
8.4.2 OP development procedure: Musa-1
8.4.3 OP development procedure: Musa-2
8.5.1 Background and participants
8.5.2 OP development in five steps
8.5.3 Metrics collection, result validation, and lessons learned

9. Input Domain Partitioning and Boundary Testing
9.1 Input Domain Partitioning and Testing
9.2 Simple Domain Analysis and the Extreme Point Combination Strategy
9.3 Testing Strategies Based on Boundary Analysis
9.1.1 Basic concepts, definitions, and terminology
9.1.2 Input domain testing for partition and boundary problems
9.3.2 Other Boundary Test Strategies and Applications
9.4.1 Strong and approximate strategies
9.4.2 Other types of boundaries and extensions
9.4.3 Queuing testing as boundary testing
9.4 Weak 1 x 1 strategy
9.5 Concluding Remarks

10 Coverage and Usage Testing Based on Finite-State Machines
and Markov Chains
10.1 Finite-State Machines and Testing
10.1.1 Overcoming limitations of simple processing models
10.1.2 FSMs: Basic concepts and examples
10.1.3 Representations of FSMs
10.2 FSM Testing: State and Transition Coverage
10.2.1 Some typical problems with systems modeled by FSMs
10.2.2 Model construction and validation
10.2.3 Testing for correct states and transitions
10.2.4 Applications and limitations
10.3 Case Study: FSM-Based Testing of Web-Based Applications
10.3.1 Characteristics of web-based applications
10.3.2 What to test: Characteristics of web problems
10.3.3 FSMs for web testing
10.4.1 Markov chains and operational profiles
10.4.2 From individual Markov chains to unified Markov models
10.4.3 UMM construction
10.4 Markov Chains and Unified Markov Models for Testing
10.5 Using UMMs for Usage-Based Statistical Testing
10.5.1 Testing based on usage frequencies in UMMs
10.5.2 Testing based on other criteria and UMM hierarchies
10.5.3 Implementation, application, and other issues
10.6 Case Study Continued: Testing Based on Web Usages
10.6.1 Usage-based web testing: Motivations and basic approach
10.6.2 Constructing UMMs for statistical web testing
10.6.3 Statistical web testing: Details and examples
10.7 Concluding Remarks

11 Control Flow, Data Dependency, and Interaction Testing
1 1.1 Basic Control Flow Testing
1 1.1.1 General concepts
1 1.1.2 Model construction
11.1.3 Path selection
1 1.1.4 Path sensitization and other activities
11.2 Loop Testing, CFT Usage, and Other Issues
1 1.2.1 Different types of loops and corresponding CFGs
11.2.2 Loop testing: Difficulties and a heuristic strategy
1 1.2.3 CFT Usage and Other Issues
1 1.3 Data Dependency and Data Flow Testing
11.3.1 Basic concepts: Operations on data and data dependencies
11.3.2 Basics of DFT and DDG
11.3.3 DDG elements and characteristics
11.3.4 Information sources and generic procedure for DDG construction
11.3.5 Building DDG indirectly
11.3.6 Dealing with loops
1 1.4 DFT Coverage and Applications
1 1.4.1 Achieving slice and other coverage
1 1.4.2 DFT: Applications and other issues
11.4.3 DFT application in synchronization testing
1 1.5 Concluding Remarks

12 Testing Techniques: Adaptation, Specialization, and Integration
12.1 Testing Sub-Phases and Applicable Testing Techniques
12.2 Specialized Test Tasks and Techniqu,es
12.3 Test Integration f
12.4 Case Study: Hierarchical Web Testing
12.5 Concluding Remarks

PART 111 QUALITY ASSURANCE BEYOND TESTING
13 Defect Prevention and Process lmpirovement
13.1 Basic Concepts and Generic Approaches
13.2 Root Cause Analysis for Defect Prevention
13.3 Education and Training for Defect Prevention
13.4 Other Techniques for Defect Prevention
13.4.1 Analysis and modeling for defect prevention
13.4.2 Technologies, standards, and methodologies for defect prevention
13.4.3 Software tools to block defect injection
13.5.1 Process selection, definition, and conformance
13.5.2 Process maturity
13.5 Focusing on Software Processes
13.5.3 Process and quality improvement
13.6 Concluding Remarks

14 Software Inspection
14.1 Basic Concepts and Generic Process
14.2 Fagan inspection
14.3 Other Inspections and Related Activities
14.3.1 Inspections of reduced scope or team size
14.3.2 Inspections of enlarged scope or team size
14.3.3 Informal desk checks, reviews, and walkthroughs
14.3.4 Code reading
14.3.5 Other formal reviews and static analyses
14.4 Defect Detection Techniques, TooYProcess Support, and Effectiveness
14.5 Concluding Remarks
Problems
15 Formal Verification
15.1 Basic Concepts: Formal Verification and Formal Specification
15.2 Formal Verification: Axiomatic Approach
15.2. I Formal logic specifications
15.2.2 Axioms
15.2.3 Axiomatic proofs and a comprehensive example
15.3.1 Weakest pre-conditions and backward chaining
15.3.2 Functional approach and symbolic execution
15.3.3 Seeking alternatives: Model checking and other approaches
15.3 Other Approaches
15.4 Applications, Effectiveness, and Integration Issues
15.5 Concluding Remarks
Problems
16 Fault Tolerance and Failure Containment
16.1 Basic Ideas and Concepts
16.2 Fault Tolerance with Recovery Blocks
16.3 Fault Tolerance with N-Version Programming
16.3.1 NVP: Basic technique and implementation
16.3.2 Ensuring version independence
16.3.3 Applying NVP ideas in other QA activities
16.4 Failure Containment: Safety Assurance and Damage Control
16.4.1 Hazard analysis using fault-trees and event-trees
16.4.2 Hazard resolution for accident prevention
16.4.3 Accident analysis and post-accident damage control
16.5.1 Modeling and analyzing heterogeneous systems
16.5.2 Prescriptive specifications foir safety
16.5 Application in Heterogeneous Systems
16.6 Concluding Remarks

17 Comparing Quality Assurance Techniques and Activities
17.1 General Questions: Cost, Benefit, and Environment
17.2 Applicability to Different Environments
17.3 Effectiveness Comparison
17.3.1 Defect perspective
17.3.2 Problem types
17.3.3 Defect level and pervasiveness
17.3.4 Result interpretation and constructive information
17.4 Cost Comparison
17.5 Comparison Summary and Recommendations

PART IV QUANTIFIABLE QUALITY IMPROVEMENT
18 Feedback Loop and Activities for Quantifiable Quality Improvement
18.1 QA Monitoring and Measurement
18.1.1 Direct vs. indirect quality measurements
18.1.2 Direct quality measurements Result and defect measurements
18.1.3 Indirect quality measurements: Environmental, product internal,and activity measurements
18.2 Immediate Follow-up Actions and Feedback
18.3 Analyses and Follow-up Actions
18.3.1 Analyses for product release decisions
18.3.2 Analyses for other project management decisions
18.3.3 Other feedback and follow-up actions
18.4.1 Feedback loop: Implementation and integration
18.4.2 A refined quality engineering, process
18.4.3 Tool support: Strategy, implementation, and integration
18.4 Implementation, Integration, and Tool Support
18.5 Concluding Remarks

19 Quality Models and Measurements
19.1 Models for Quality Assessment
19.2 Generalized Models
19.3 Product-Specific Models
19.4 Model Comparison and Interconnections
19.5 Data Requirements and Measurement
19.6 Selecting Measurements and Models
19.7 Concluding Remarks

20 Defect Classification and Analysis
20.1 General Types of Defect Analyses
20.1.1 Defect distribution analysis
20.1.2 Defect trend analysis and defect dynamics model
20.1.3 Defect causal analysis
20.2.1 ODC concepts
20.2.2 Defect classification using ODC: A comprehensive example
20.2.3 Adapting ODC to analyze web errors
20.3. I One-way analysis: Analyzing a single defect attribute
20.3.2 Two-way and multi-way analysis: Examining cross-interactions
20.2 Defect Classification and ODC
20.3 Defect Analysis for Classified Data
20.4 Concluding Remarks

21 Risk Identification for Quantifiable Quality Improvement
21.1 Basic Ideas and Concepts
21.2 Traditional Statistical Analysis Techniques
21.3 New Techniques for Risk Identification
2 1.3.1 Principal component and discriminant analyses
2 1.3.2 Artificial neural networks and learning algorithms
21.3.3 Data partitions and tree-based modeling
21.3.4 Pattern matching and optimal set reduction
2 1.4 Comparisons and Integration
2 1.5 Risk Identification for Classified Defect Data
2 1.6 Concluding Remarks

22 Software Reliability Engineering
22.1 SRE: Basic Concepts and General Approaches
22.2 Large Software Systems and Reliability Analyses
22.3 Reliability Snapshots Using IDRMs
22.4 Longer-Term Reliability Analyses Using SRGMs TBRMs for Reliability Analysis and Improvement
22.5.1 Constructing and using TBRMs
22.5.2 TBRM Applications
22.5.3 TBRM’s impacts on reliability improvement Implementation and Software Tool Support

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ELEMENTARY MECHANICS & THERMODYNAMICS

Contents
1 MOTION ALONG A STRAIGHT LINE 11
1.1 Motion
1.2 Position and Displacement
1.3 Average Velocity and Average Speed
1.4 Instantaneous Velocity and Speed
1.5 Acceleration
1.6 Constant Acceleration: A Special Case
1.7 Another Look at Constant Acceleration
1.8 Free-Fall Acceleration
1.9 Problems

2 VECTORS 31
2.1 Vectors and Scalars
2.2 Adding Vectors: Graphical Method
2.3 Vectors and Their Components
2.3.1 Review of Trigonometry
2.3.2 Components of Vectors
2.4 Unit Vectors
2.5 Adding Vectors by Components
2.6 Vectors and the Laws of Physics
2.7 Multiplying Vectors
2.7.1 The Scalar Product (often called dot product)
2.7.2 The Vector Product
2.8 Problems

3 MOTION IN 2 & 3 DIMENSIONS 47
3.1 Moving in Two or Three Dimensions
3.2 Position and Displacement
3.3 Velocity and Average Velocity

4 CONTENTS
3.4 Acceleration and Average Acceleration
3.5 Projectile Motion
3.6 Projectile Motion Analyzed
3.7 Uniform Circular Motion
3.8 Problems

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Mechanical Engineers Data Handbook

Symbols used in text

1. Strength of materials

1.1  Types of stress

1.2  Strength of fasteners

1.3  Fatigue and stress concentration

1.4  Bending of beams

1.5  Springs

1.6  Shafts

1.7  Struts

1.8  Cylinders and hollow spheres

1.9  Contact stress

1.10 Flat plates

2.  Appli mechanics

2.1  Basic mechanics

2.2  Belt drives

2.3  Balancing

2.4  Miscellaneous machine elements

2.5  Automobile mechanics

2.6  Vibrations

2.7  Friction

2.8  Brakes, clutches and dynamometers

2.9  Bearings

2.10 Gears

3. Termodyanmics and heat transfer

3.1  Heat

3.2  Perfect gases

3.3  Vapours

3.4  Data tables

3.5  Flow through nozzles

3.6  Steam plant

3.7  Steam turbines

3.8  Gas turbines

3.9  Heat engine cycles

3.10 Reciprocating spark ignition internal  combustion engines

3.1 1 Air compressors

 3.12 Reciprocating air motor

3.13 Refrigerators

3.14 Heat transfer

3.15 Heat exchangers

3.16 Combustion of fuels

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Mechanical Engineering Systems

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The Automotive chassis Engineering

1 Tyres of suspension and drive
1.1  General characteristics of wheel suspensions
1.2  Independent wheel suspensions ñ general
1.2.1 Requirements
1.2.2 Double wishbone suspensions
1.2.3 McPherson struts and strut dampers
1.2.4 Rear axle trailing-arm suspension
1.2.5 Semi-trailing-arm rear axles
1.2.6 Multi-link suspension
1.3  Rigid and semi-rigid crank axles
1.3.1 Rigid axles
1.3.2 Semi rigid crank axles
1.4  Front-mounted engine, rear-mounted drive
1.4.1 Advantages and disadvantages of the front-mounted engine, rear-mounted drive design
1.4.2 Non-driven front axles
1.4.3 Driven rear axles
1.5  Rear and mid engine drive
1.6  Front-wheel drive
1.6.1 Types of design
1.6.2 Advantages and disadvantages of front-wheel drive
1.6.3 Driven front axles
1.6.4 Non-driven rear axles
1.7  Four-wheel drive
1.7.1 Advantages and disadvantages
1.7.2 Four-wheel drive vehicles with overdrive
1.7.3 Manual selection four-wheel drive on commercial and all-terrain vehicles
1.7.4 Permanent four-wheel drive; basic passenger car with front-wheel drive
1.7.5 Permanent four-wheel drive, basic standard design passenger car
1.7.6 Summary of different kinds of four-wheel drive

2  Tyres and wheels
2.1  Tyre requirements
2.1.1 Interchangeability
2.1.2 Passenger car requirements
2.1.3 Commercial vehicle requirements
2.2  Tyre designs
2.2.1 Diagonal ply tyres
2.2.2 Radial ply tyres
2.2.3 Tubeless or tubed
2.2.4 Height-to-width ratio
2.2.5 Tyre dimensions and markings
2.2.6 Tyre load capacities and inflation pressures
2.2.7 Tyre sidewall markings
2.2.8 Rolling circumference and driving speed
2.2.9 Influence of the tyre on the speedometer

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Contact Mechanics and Friction

Table of Contents
1 Introduction
1.1 Contact and Friction Phenomena and their Applications 1
1.2 History of Contact Mechanics and the Physics of Friction 3
1.3 Structure of the Book 7

2 Qualitative Treatment of Contact Problems – Normal Contact without Adhesion  9
2.1 Material Properties 10
2.2 Simple Contact Problems 13
2.3 Estimation Method for Contacts with a Three-Dimensional, Elastic Continuum 16
Problems 20

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How and Why Machines Work

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First principles of Mechanical and Engineering Drawing

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Mechanics and Mechanism of Fracture

Preface
Chapter 1 Solid Mechanics of Homogeneous Materials
1.1 Key Types of Mechanical Behavior
1.2 Stress and Strain
1.3 Principal Stresses and Principal Strains
1.4 Equivalent Stress and Equivalent Strain
1.5 Stress Analysis of Monolithic Load-Carrying Members
1.6 Stress Analysis Using Finite Element Methods
1.7 Local Stress Distribution at a Geometric Discontinuity
1.8 Stress Analysis of Cracks

Chapter 2 Deformation and Fracture Mechanisms and Static Strength of Metals
2.1 Elastic and Plastic Behavior
2.2 Yield Criteria
2.3 Fracture Criteria
2.4 Fracture Mechanisms and Appearances
2.5 Fracture Strengths
2.6 Residual Stresses
2.7 Material Toughness
2.8 Deformation and Fracture under Sustained Loads


Chapter 3 Fatigue Strength of Metals
3.1 Mechanical Behavior under Cyclic Loads
3.2 Microscopic and Macroscopic Aspects of Fatigue and Crack Propagation
3.3 Fatigue Life,Crack Initiation,Crack Growth,and TotalLife
3.4 Infinite-Life (Stress-Based) Fatigue Strength
3.5 Finite-Life (Strain-Based) Fatigue Strength
3.6 Some Practical Fatigue Design Considerations



Chapter 4 Static and Dynamic Fracture Toughness of Metals
4.1 Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics
4.2 Plane-Strain Fracture Toughness:Static K
4.3 Dynamic K
4.4 Plane-Stress Fracture Toughness, K
4.5 Fracture under Mixed Modes 1 and 2

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ASM Surface Hardening of Steels

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Handbook of Corrosion Engineering

Prefaceix
Acknowledgments xi
Introduction 1
1.1. The Cost of Corrosion1
1.2. Examples of Catastrophic Corrosion Damage3
1.3. The Influence of People5
References 12

Chapter 1. Aqueous Corrosion 13
1.1. Introduction 13
1.2. Applications of Potential-pH Diagrams 16
1.3. Kinetic Principles 32
References 54

Chapter 2.Environments 55
2.1. Atmospheric Corrosion 58
2.2. Natural Waters 85
2.3. Seawater 129
2.4. Corrosion in Soils 142
2.5. Reinforced Concrete 154
2.6. Microbes and Biofouling 187
References 216

Chapter 3.High-Temperature Corrosion 221
3.1. Thermodynamic Principles 222
3.2. Kinetic Principles 229
3.3. Practical High-Temperature Corrosion Problems 237
References 265

Chapter 4.Modeling, Life Prediction and Computer Applications 267
4.1. Introduction 267
4.2. Modeling and Life Prediction 268
4.3. Applications of Artificial Intelligence 303
4.4. Computer-Based Training or Learning 322
4.5. Internet and the Web 324
References 326

Chapter 5.Corrosion Failures 331
5.1. Introduction 332
5.2. Mechanisms, Forms, and Modes of Corrosion Failures 332
5.3. Guidelines for Investigating Corrosion Failures 359
5.4. Prevention of Corrosion Damage 360
5.5. Case Histories in Corrosion Failure Analysis 368
References 369

Chapter 6. Corrosion Maintenance Through Inspection And Monitoring 371
6.1. Introduction 372
6.2. Inspection 374
6.3. The Maintenance Revolution 383
6.4. Monitoring and Managing Corrosion Damage 406
6.5. Smart Sensing of Corrosion with Fiber Optics 448
6.6. Non-destructive Evaluation (NDE) 461
References 481

Chapter 7.Acceleration and Amplification of Corrosion Damage 485
7.1. Introduction 486
7.2. Corrosion Testing 488
7.3. Surface Characterization 562
References 574

Chapter 8.Materials Selection 577
8.1. Introduction 578
8.2. Aluminum Alloys 584
8.3. Cast Irons 612
8.4. Copper Alloys 622
8.5. High-Performance Alloys 664
8.6. Refractory Metals 692
8.7. Stainless Steels 710
8.8. Steels 736
8.9. Titanium 748
8.10. Zirconium 769
References777

Chapter 9.Protective Coatings 781
9.1. Introduction 781
9.2. Coatings and Coating Processes 782
9.3. Supplementary Protection Systems 829
9.4. Surface Preparation 831
References 831

Chapter 10.Corrosion Inhibitors 833
10.1. Introduction 833
10.2. Classification of Inhibitors 834
10.3. Corrosion Inhibition Mechanism 838
10.4. Selection of an Inhibitor System 860
References 861

Chapter 11.Cathodic Protection 863
11.1. Introduction 863
11.2. Sacrificial Anode CPSystems 871
11.3. Impressed Current Systems 878
11.4. Current Distribution and Interference Issues 886
11.5. Monitoring the Performance of CPSystems for Buried Pipelines 904
References 919

Chapter 12.Anodic Protection 921
12.1. Introduction 921
12.2. Passivity of Metals 923
12.3. Equipment Required for Anodic Protection 927
12.4. Design Concerns 930
12.5. Applications 932
12.6. Practical Example: Anodic Protection in the Pulp and Paper Industry 933
References 938

Appendix A.SI Units 939
Appendix B.Glossary 947
Appendix C.Corrosion Economics 1001
C.1. Introduction 1001
C.2. Cash Flows and Capital Budgeting Techniques 1002
C.3. Generalized Equation for Straight Line Depreciation 1004
C.4. Examples 1006
C.5. Summary 1009

References 1009
Appendix D.Electrochemistry Basics 1011
D.1. Principles of Electrochemistry 1011
D.2. Chemical Thermodynamics 1029
D.3. Kinetic Principles 1047

Contents
Appendix E.Chemical Compositions of Engineering Alloys 1061
Appendix F.Thermodynamic Data and E-pH Diagrams 1101
Appendix G.Densities and Melting Points of Metals 1125
Index 1129













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HandBook of Structural SteelWork

Contents
Page No.
FOREWORD iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv
CHAPTER 1 GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 1
1.1 Design aims 1
1.2 Methods of design 1
1.3 Loadings 3
1.4 Limit state design 4
1.5 Stability limit state 8
1.6 Design strengths 11

CHAPTER 2 LOCAL RESISTANCE OF CROSS-SECTIONS 13
2.1 Local buckling 13
2.2 Classification 14
2.3 Example – Section classification 20
2.4 General Guidance 22

CHAPTER 3 BEAMS 23
3.1 Design considerations 23
3.2 Moment and shear capacities 25
3.3 Design of beams without full lateral restraint 25
3.4 Equivalent slenderness 27
3.5 Effective length 27
3.6 Equivalent uniform moment factor, mLT 29
3.7 Calculation of bending resistance for beams without full restraint 30
3.8 Calculation of bending resistance – a simpler approach 30
3.9 Example – Beam with full lateral restraint 32
3.10 Example – Unrestrained beams 33
3.11 Web bearing capacity and web buckling resistance 35
3.12 Web stiffeners 39
3.13 Example – Web bearing and buckling 41
3.14 Example – Web stiffeners 43

CHAPTER 4 MEMBERS IN TENSION AND COMPRESSION 46
4.1 Introduction 46
4.2 Ties 46
4.3 Simple tension members 47
4.4 Tension members also subjected to moments 48
4.5 Struts 48
4.6 Columns in simple construction 60
4.7 Compression members with moments 61
4.8 Example – Angle section used as a tie 63
4.9 Example – Axially loaded strut 1 64
4.10 Example – Axially loaded strut 2 65
4.11 Example – Column in simple construction 66
4.12 Example – Column under axial load and moment 68

CHAPTER 5 TRUSSES 72
5.1 Introduction 72
5.2 Typical uses 72
5.3 Design concept 74
GENERAL DESIGN DATA Error! Bookmark not defined.
Bending moment and deflection formulae for beams 80
Moving loads 91
Fixed end moments 94
Trigonometrical formulae 95
Solution of Triangles 96
Properties of geometrical figures 98
Metric conversions 106
EXPLANATORY NOTES 107
General 108
Dimensions of sections 109
Section properties 110
Capacity and resistance tables 121
Bending tables 122
Web bearing and buckling tables 124
Tension tables 128
Compression tables 129
Axial and bending tables 136
Bolts and welds 139
REFERENCES 143
TABLES OF DIMENSIONS AND GROSS SECTION PROPERTIES 147
Universal beams 148
Universal columns 154
Joists 158
Parallel flange channels 162
ASB (Asymmetric Beams) 166
Equal angles 169
Unequal angles 170
Equal angles back to back 172
Unequal angles back to back 173
Tees cut from universal beams 174
Tees cut from universal columns 178
Hot-finished circular hollow sections 180
Hot-finished square hollow sections 182
Hot-finished rectangular hollow sections 184
Cold-formed circular hollow sections 186
Cold-formed square hollow sections 189
Cold-formed rectangular hollow sections 191
Pink Green
Pages Pages
MEMBER CAPACITIES S275 S355
Universal beams subject to bending 196 280
Universal columns subject to bending 199 283
Joists subject to bending 200 284
Parallel flange channels subject to bending 201 285
Universal beams web bearing and buckling 202 286
Universal columns web bearing and buckling 205 289
Joists web bearing and buckling 206 290
Parallel flange channels web bearing and buckling 207 291
Equal angles subject to tension 208 292
Equal angles back to back subject to tension 211 295
Unequal angles subject to tension 214 298
Unequal angels back to back subject to tension 217 301
MEMBER CAPACITIES (continued) S275 S355
Universal beams subject to compression 220 304
Universal columns subject to compression 224 308
Equal angles subject to compression 226 310
Unequal angles subject to compression 227 311
Equal angles back to back subject to compression 228 312
Unequal angles subject to compression 230 314
Universal beams subject to axial load and bending 232 316
Universal columns subject to axial load and bending 258 342
BOLT CAPACITIES
Non-preloaded ordinary bolts 266 350
Non-preloaded countersunk bolts 268 352
Non-preloaded HSFG bolts 270 354
Preloaded HSFG bolts:
Non-slip in service 271 355
Non-slip under factored loads 272 356
Non-slip in service - countersunk 273 357
Non-slip under factored loads - countersunk 274 358
WELDS
Fillet welds 275 359


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Mechanical Estimating Manual Sheet Metal Piping & Plumbing

Contents
Preface xi
Section I—HOW TO PREPARE SHEET METAL AND PIPING ESTIMATES
Chapter

1 Successful Estimating Principles 3
Crux of Successful Contracting 3
Primary Goals of Contracting and Bidding 3
Problems and Causes of Poor Estimating 3
Estimating Competence Required 4
The Eight Facets of the Estimating Diamond 4
Performance Standards for Complete and Accurate Estimates 5
Fundamental Bidding Rules 5
How to Estimate Labor Accurately and Realistically 8
Do Your Homework 9
Use Time Saving Estimating Techniques 9
Apply Valid Overhead and Profi t Markups 10

2 Systematic, Effi cient, Accurate Estimating Procedures 11
Steps in the Estimating Procedure 11
Checking Estimates 12
Scope of Complete Sheet Metal Estimate, Check-off List 16
Heating Equipment Check-off List 17
Cooling Equipment Check-off List 18
End of Bid Factors Check-off List 18
Remodeling Work Check-off List 19
15 Bastards with No Regular Homes 20

3 Sample HVAC Estimate and Forms 23
Overview of Sample Job 23
Purpose of Forms 23
Specifi cations on Sample Job 24
IBM Offi ce Drawing 25
Sample Filled Out Estimating Forms 26
Calculating Labor Costs Per Hour 31

Section II —BUDGET ESTIMATING
Chapter
4 Budget Estimating 37
Budget Estimates 37
Semi-Detailed Scope Budget Estimates 37
Detailed Estimates 38
Budget Estimating HVAC Costs and Engineering Loads 38
Budget Estimating Galvanized Ductwork 39

Section III —EQUIPMENT ESTIMATING
Chapter
5 Heating and Cooling Equipment 59
Chilled and Hot Water Pumps 60
Hot Water Reheat Coils 61
Electric Duct Heaters 62
Duct Heaters 63
Unit Heaters 63
Gas Fired Cast Iron Boilers 64
Baseboard Heating 65
Infra Red Units 66
Electric Baseboard Heating 66
Wall Heaters 67
DX Evaporator Coils 68
Chilled Water Coils 69
Centrifugal Water Cooled Chillers 70
Reciprocating Chillers 71
Cooling Towers 73
Heat Pumps 74
Condensing Units 75

6 HVAC Units and Air Distribution Equipment 77
Rooftop Units 78
Air Handling Units 80
Self Contained Air Conditioning Units 83
Dampers 87
Louvers 89
Estimating Registers 90
Ceiling Diffusers 91
VAV Terminal Units, Components etc 92
Filter Labor 96

7 Plumbing Fixtures and Specialties 97

8 Air Pollution and Heat Recovery Equipment 101
Air pollution equipment 101

Section IV— SHEET METAL ESTIMATING
9 Sheet Metal Estimating Basics 109
Requirements of a Profi cient Sheet Metal Estimator 109
Types of Ductwork 111
Procedure for Taking Off Ductwork 112
Types of Ductwork Connections 113
Methods of Figuring Ductwork Weight 114
Methods of Calculating Ductwork Labor 115
Material Data 124
Correction Factors 125

10 Galvanized Ductwork 129
Estimating Galvanized Ductwork by the Piece 129
Estimating Galvanized Ductwork by the Pound 136
Medium and High Pressure Ductwork 142
Automatic Duct Coil Line Fabrication 143

11 Spiral and Light Gauge Round Ductwork 145
Round Duct Gauge Data 146
Furnace Pipe Flexible Tubing and Flues 146
Spiral Pipe and Fittings 147

12 Estimating Fiberglass Ductwork 155
Introduction 155
Fiberglass Ductwork Construction 156
Pricing Sheet Metal Components 158
Estimate Summary and Extension Sheet 158

13 Heavy Gauge Ductwork 159
Types of Industrial Exhaust Ductwork 159
Rectangular Black Iron 159
Round Black Iron Ductwork 166
Rolled Steel Angle Rings 171
Example of Round Black Iron 172
Aluminum 173
Stainless Steel 175
FRP Ductwork 177
FRP Coated Galvanized Ductwork 179
Labor Multipliers for Heavy Gauge Ductwork 180
Air Pollution Estimating 180

14 Sheet Metal Specialties and Acoustical Lining 187
Access Doors, Belt Guards, Drain Pans 187
Flexible Connections, Hoods, Stands and Platforms 188
Roof Hoods 189
Turning Vanes 190
Splitter Dampers 191
Sheet Metal Housings 192
Acoustic Lining 192

15 Miscellaneous Labor Operations 195
Drafting and Sketching Labor 195
Field Measuring and Sketching Labor 196
Estimating Air Testing and Balancing 196
Estimating Ductwork Leak Testing 199

Section V —PIPING ESTIMATING
Chapter
16 Piping Estimating Basics 203
Requirements of a Profi cient Piping Estimator 203
Sample Estimate 207
17 Pressure Pipe, Fittings and Insulation 217
Pressure Piping and Fittings Tables for
Threaded, Welded, Flanged, Grooved and Associated Labor 218
Copper Tubing, L, K, K Labor and Pricing etc. 236

18 Valves and Specialties 253
Bronze #125, #150 Valves 254
Iron #125, #150 Valves 256
Specialty Valves 260
19 DWV Pipe and Fittings 271
Copper Tubing, DWV 272
PVC DWV Schedule 40 274
ABS DWV 278
Cast Iron Hub and Spigot DWV 280

Section VI—CONTRACTING FOR PROFIT
Chapter
20 Markups for Overhead and Profi t 287
Understanding and Applying Correct Overhead and Profi t Factors 287

21 Contracting for Profi t 295
What Determines Your Profi tability 295
How to Legitimately Reduce Costs on a Bid 296
Star Method of Reducing Ductwork and Piping Costs 297

22 Computerized Estimating 305


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Machinery Component Maintenance and Repair

Contents
Foreword
Acknowledgments
Part I: Background to Process Machinery Maintenance Programming
1 Machinery Maintenance: An Ovaview
2 Maintenance Organization and Control for Multi-Plant Corporations
3 Machinery Foundations and Grouting
4 Process Machinery Piming

Part II: Aliflnment and Balancing
5 Machinery Alignment
6 Balancing of Machinery Components

Part 111: Maintenance and Repair of Machinery Components
7 Ball Bearing Maintenance and Replacement
8 Repair and Maintenance of Mechanical Seals and Rotating Equipment Components
9 Centrifugal Compressor Rotor Repair
10 Protecting Machinery Parts Against loss of Surface
Index

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Gas Lift Design and Technology

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Surface Engineering Measurement Standards for Inorganic Materials

Preface.
List of Figures
1. Introduction
2. Organization of the Guide and Locating Standards
2.1 Organization of the Guide
2.2 Locating Standards
3. General Standards for Surface Engineering Measurement
3.1 Terminology
3.2 Laboratory Accreditation
3.3 Sampling

4. Surface Inspection and Product Quality
4.1 General (bare and coated)
4.2 Products (bare and coated)
4.2.1 Fasteners
4.2.2 Sheet and Structural Steel
4.2.3 Castings
4.2.4 Other

5. Surface Finish Evaluation
5.1 General (bare and coated)
5.2 Methods for Specific Products and Processes
6. General Product Quality Standards for Specific Coating Processes
6.1 Anodic Coatings
6.2 Conversion Coatings
6.3 Galvanized Coatings
6.4 Electroplated Coatings
6.5 Diffusion Coatings
6.6 Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD)
6.7 Thermal Spray Deposition
6.8 Glass and Enamel Coatings

7. Standards for Measurement of Surface Treatment Depth Coating Thickness and Mass
7.1 Surface Treatment Depth
7.2 Coating Thickness
7.3 Coating Mass

8. Standards for Analysis of Microstructure
8.1 Metallography
8.2 Porosity and Defect Measurement of Coatings

9. Standards for Measurement of Composition and Crystal Structure
9.1 Composition
9.2 Crystal Structure
10. Standards for Residual Stress and Hardness Measurement
10.1 Residual Stress
10.2 Indentation Hardness Measurements
10.3 Other Hardness Measurements

11. Standards for Mechanical Properties and Adhesion of Coatings
11.1 Mechanical Properties
11.2 Adhesion

12. Standards for Measurement of Corrosion, Wear and Thermal Properties
12.1 Bare
12.2 Coated

13. Surface Engineering Measurement Standards
13.1 ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers) Standards
13.2 ASTM International (American Society for Testing and Materials) Standards
13.3 ISO (International Organization for Standardization) Standards
13.4 Military and Industry Standards
13.5 SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers) Standards

14. Index
List of Figures
Figure 1. Quick Guide to Surface Measurement Standards
Figure 2. Applicability of Coating Thickness Measuring Methods

Total 264 pages 3 mb

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Fundamentals of Reservoir Engineering

CONTENTS
PREFACE VII
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IX
CONTENTS X
LIST OF FIGURES XVII
LIST OF TABLES XXVII
LIST OF EQUATIONS XXX
NOMENCLATURE LIX

CHAPTER 1 SOME BASIC CONCEPTS IN RESERVOIR ENGINEERING 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.2 CALCULATION OF HYDROCARBON VOLUMES 1
1.3 FLUID PRESSURE REGIMES 3
1.4 OIL RECOVERY: RECOVERY FACTOR 9
1.5 VOLUMETRIC GAS RESERVOIR ENGINEERING 12
1.6 APPLICATION OF THE REAL GAS EQUATION OF STATE 20
1.7 GAS MATERIAL BALANCE: RECOVERY FACTOR 25
1.8 HYDROCARBON PHASE BEHAVIOUR 37
REFERENCES 41

CHAPTER 2 PVT ANALYSIS FOR OIL 43
2.1 INTRODUCTION 43
2.2 DEFINITION OF THE BASIC PVT PARAMETERS 43
2.3 COLLECTION OF FLUID SAMPLES 51
2.4 DETERMINATION OF THE BASIC PVT PARAMETERS IN THE LABORATORY AND CONVERSION FOR FIELD OPERATING CONDITIONS 55
2.5 ALTERNATIVE MANNER OF EXPRESSING PVT LABORATORY ANALYSIS RESULTS 65
2.6 COMPLETE PVT ANALYSIS 69
REFERENCES 70

CHAPTER 3 MATERIAL BALANCE APPLIED TO OIL RESERVOIRS 71
3.1 INTRODUCTION 71
3.2 GENERAL FORM OF THE MATERIAL BALANCE EQUATION FOR
A HYDROCARBON RESERVOIR 71
3.3 THE MATERIAL BALANCE EXPRESSED AS A LINEAR EQUATION 76
3.4 RESERVOIR DRIVE MECHANISMS 77
3.5 SOLUTION GAS DRIVE 78
3.6 GASCAP DRIVE 86
3.7 NATURAL WATER DRIVE 91
3.8 COMPACTION DRIVE AND RELATED PORE COMPRESSIBILITY
PHENOMENA 95
REFERENCES 98

CHAPTER 4 DARCY'S LAW AND APPLICATIONS 100
4.1 INTRODUCTION 100
4.2 DARCY'S LAW; FLUID POTENTIAL 100
4.3 SIGN CONVENTION 104
4.4 UNITS: UNITS CONVERSION 104
4.5 REAL GAS POTENTIAL 110
4.6 DATUM PRESSURES 111
4.7 RADIAL STEADY STATE FLOW; WELL STIMULATION 112
4.8 TWO-PHASE FLOW: EFFECTIVE AND RELATIVE PERMEABILITIES 117
4.9 THE MECHANICS OF SUPPLEMENTARY RECOVERY 121
REFERENCES 125

CHAPTER 5 THE BASIC DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION FOR RADIAL FLOW IN A
POROUS MEDIUM 127
5.1 INTRODUCTION 127
5.2 DERIVATION OF THE BASIC RADIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION 127
5.3 CONDITIONS OF SOLUTION 129
5.4 THE LINEARIZATION OF EQUATION 5.1 FOR FLUIDS OF SMALL
AND CONSTANT COMPRESSIBILITY 133
REFERENCES 135

CHAPTER 6 WELL INFLOW EQUATIONS FOR STABILIZED FLOW
CONDITIONS 136
6.1 INTRODUCTION 136
6.2 SEMI-STEADY STATE SOLUTION 136
6.3 STEADY STATE SOLUTION 139
6.4 EXAMPLE OF THE APPLICATION OF THE STABILIZED INFLOW EQUATIONS 140
6.5 GENERALIZED FORM OF INFLOW EQUATION UNDER SEMISTEADY
STATE CONDITIONS 144
REFERENCES 146

CHAPTER 7 THE CONSTANT TERMINAL RATE SOLUTION OF THE RADIAL
DIFFUSIVITY EQUATION AND ITS APPLICATION TO OILWELL TESTING 148
7.1 INTRODUCTION 148
7.2 THE CONSTANT TERMINAL RATE SOLUTION 148
7.3 THE CONSTANT TERMINAL RATE SOLUTION FOR TRANSIENT AND SEMI-STEADY STATE FLOW CONDITIONS 149
7.4 DIMENSIONLESS VARIABLES 161
7.5 SUPERPOSITION THEOREM: GENERAL THEORY OF WELL TESTING 168
7.6 THE MATTHEWS, BRONS, HAZEBROEK PRESSURE BUILDUP THEORY 173
7.7 PRESSURE BUILDUP ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES 189
7.8 MULTI-RATE DRAWDOWN TESTING 209
7.9 THE EFFECTS OF PARTIAL WELL COMPLETION 219
7.10 SOME PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF WELL SURVEYING 221
7.11 AFTERFLOW ANALYSIS 224
REFERENCES 236

CHAPTER 8 REAL GAS FLOW: GAS WELL TESTING 239
8.1 INTRODUCTION 239
8.2 LINEARIZATION AND SOLUTION OF THE BASIC DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION FOR THE RADIAL FLOW OF A REAL GAS 239
8.3 THE RUSSELL, GOODRICH, et. al. SOLUTION TECHNIQUE 240
8.4 THE AL-HUSSAINY, RAMEY, CRAWFORD SOLUTION TECHNIQUE 243
8.5 COMPARISON OF THE PRESSURE SQUARED AND PSEUDO PRESSURE SOLUTION TECHNIQUES 251
8.6 NON-DARCY FLOW 252
8.7 DETERMINATION OF THE NON-DARCY COEFFICIENT F 255
8.8 THE CONSTANT TERMINAL RATE SOLUTION FOR THE FLOW OF A REAL GAS 257
8.9 GENERAL THEORY OF GAS WELL TESTING 260
8.10 MULTI-RATE TESTING OF GAS WELLS 262
8.11 PRESSURE BUILDUP TESTING OF GAS WELLS 278
8.12 PRESSURE BUILDUP ANALYSIS IN SOLUTION GAS DRIVE RESERVOIRS 289
8.13 SUMMARY OF PRESSURE ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES 291
REFERENCES 295

CHAPTER 9 NATURAL WATER INFLUX 297
9.1 INTRODUCTION 297
9.2 THE UNSTEADY STATE WATER INFLUX THEORY OF HURST AND VAN EVERDINGEN 298
9.3 APPLICATION OF THE HURST, VAN EVERDINGEN WATER INFLUX THEORY IN HISTORY MATCHING 308
9.4 THE APPROXIMATE WATER INFLUX THEORY OF FETKOVITCH FOR FINITE AQUIFERS 319
9.5 PREDICTING THE AMOUNT OF WATER INFLUX 328
9.6 APPLICATION OF INFLUX CALCULATION TECHNIQUES TO STEAM SOAKING 333
REFERENCES 335

CHAPTER 10 IMMISCIBLE DISPLACEMENT 337
10.1 INTRODUCTION 337
10.2 PHYSICAL ASSUMPTIONS AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS 337
10.3 THE FRACTIONAL FLOW EQUATION 345
10.4 BUCKLEY-LEVERETT ONE DIMENSIONAL DISPLACEMENT 349
10.5 OIL RECOVERY CALCULATIONS 355
10.6 DISPLACEMENT UNDER SEGREGATED FLOW CONDITIONS 364
10.7 ALLOWANCE FOR THE EFFECT OF A FINITE CAPILLARY TRANSITION ZONE IN DISPLACEMENT CALCULATIONS 381
10.8 DISPLACEMENT IN STRATIFIED RESERVOIRS 389
10.9 DISPLACEMENT WHEN THERE IS A TOTAL LACK OF VERTICAL EQUILIBRIUM 402
10.10 THE NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF IMMISCIBLE,
INCOMPRESSIBLE DISPLACEMENT 405
REFERENCES 419
AUTHOR INDEX 422
SUBJECT INDEX 424

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