Handbook of Corrosion Engineering

Prefaceix
Acknowledgments xi
Introduction 1
1.1. The Cost of Corrosion1
1.2. Examples of Catastrophic Corrosion Damage3
1.3. The Influence of People5
References 12

Chapter 1. Aqueous Corrosion 13
1.1. Introduction 13
1.2. Applications of Potential-pH Diagrams 16
1.3. Kinetic Principles 32
References 54

Chapter 2.Environments 55
2.1. Atmospheric Corrosion 58
2.2. Natural Waters 85
2.3. Seawater 129
2.4. Corrosion in Soils 142
2.5. Reinforced Concrete 154
2.6. Microbes and Biofouling 187
References 216

Chapter 3.High-Temperature Corrosion 221
3.1. Thermodynamic Principles 222
3.2. Kinetic Principles 229
3.3. Practical High-Temperature Corrosion Problems 237
References 265

Chapter 4.Modeling, Life Prediction and Computer Applications 267
4.1. Introduction 267
4.2. Modeling and Life Prediction 268
4.3. Applications of Artificial Intelligence 303
4.4. Computer-Based Training or Learning 322
4.5. Internet and the Web 324
References 326

Chapter 5.Corrosion Failures 331
5.1. Introduction 332
5.2. Mechanisms, Forms, and Modes of Corrosion Failures 332
5.3. Guidelines for Investigating Corrosion Failures 359
5.4. Prevention of Corrosion Damage 360
5.5. Case Histories in Corrosion Failure Analysis 368
References 369

Chapter 6. Corrosion Maintenance Through Inspection And Monitoring 371
6.1. Introduction 372
6.2. Inspection 374
6.3. The Maintenance Revolution 383
6.4. Monitoring and Managing Corrosion Damage 406
6.5. Smart Sensing of Corrosion with Fiber Optics 448
6.6. Non-destructive Evaluation (NDE) 461
References 481

Chapter 7.Acceleration and Amplification of Corrosion Damage 485
7.1. Introduction 486
7.2. Corrosion Testing 488
7.3. Surface Characterization 562
References 574

Chapter 8.Materials Selection 577
8.1. Introduction 578
8.2. Aluminum Alloys 584
8.3. Cast Irons 612
8.4. Copper Alloys 622
8.5. High-Performance Alloys 664
8.6. Refractory Metals 692
8.7. Stainless Steels 710
8.8. Steels 736
8.9. Titanium 748
8.10. Zirconium 769
References777

Chapter 9.Protective Coatings 781
9.1. Introduction 781
9.2. Coatings and Coating Processes 782
9.3. Supplementary Protection Systems 829
9.4. Surface Preparation 831
References 831

Chapter 10.Corrosion Inhibitors 833
10.1. Introduction 833
10.2. Classification of Inhibitors 834
10.3. Corrosion Inhibition Mechanism 838
10.4. Selection of an Inhibitor System 860
References 861

Chapter 11.Cathodic Protection 863
11.1. Introduction 863
11.2. Sacrificial Anode CPSystems 871
11.3. Impressed Current Systems 878
11.4. Current Distribution and Interference Issues 886
11.5. Monitoring the Performance of CPSystems for Buried Pipelines 904
References 919

Chapter 12.Anodic Protection 921
12.1. Introduction 921
12.2. Passivity of Metals 923
12.3. Equipment Required for Anodic Protection 927
12.4. Design Concerns 930
12.5. Applications 932
12.6. Practical Example: Anodic Protection in the Pulp and Paper Industry 933
References 938

Appendix A.SI Units 939
Appendix B.Glossary 947
Appendix C.Corrosion Economics 1001
C.1. Introduction 1001
C.2. Cash Flows and Capital Budgeting Techniques 1002
C.3. Generalized Equation for Straight Line Depreciation 1004
C.4. Examples 1006
C.5. Summary 1009

References 1009
Appendix D.Electrochemistry Basics 1011
D.1. Principles of Electrochemistry 1011
D.2. Chemical Thermodynamics 1029
D.3. Kinetic Principles 1047

Contents
Appendix E.Chemical Compositions of Engineering Alloys 1061
Appendix F.Thermodynamic Data and E-pH Diagrams 1101
Appendix G.Densities and Melting Points of Metals 1125
Index 1129













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